Segmentation in the Holiday Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Segmentation in the Holiday Market - Essay Example illustrate the importance of market segmentation in holiday market, this paper will cite examples on how different companies segment their market through different methods and offer a specialized product for each segment. An empirical example of this is Tourism Victoria which aims to market Victoria to international travelers. In order to properly address the needs of its differing market and deliver maximum customer value to each customer, it has used market segmentation. The whole market of Tourism Victoria ranges from local Australian residents to international travelers. However, to identify the most lucrative groups and sub-groups in the market it had to classify customers into different sub-groups according to their unique characteristics and target only those profitable niches. Afterwards, the company was able to come up with three major target market segments. Methods of Market Segmentation In its market segmentation process, the company utilized three market segmentation techniques-Roy Morgan Value Segments, MOSAIC, and life cycle. Roy Morgan Value Segments Roy Morgan Value Segments is developed by Colin Benjamin in partnership with Roy Morgan Research Center. This technique is a proprietary methodology which divides the holiday market in terms of customer preferences, needs and motivations. This methodology largely relies in the employment of psychographic data which supplies information on the "deeper drivers of choice" through an evaluation of behaviors in addition to demographics data such as age, income, etc (Domestic Market Segmentation 3). The rationale of using Roy Morgan Value segments is for the company to "distinguish the market segment with highest yield potential and identify their value needs (Domestic Market Segmentation 4)." The wide... This paper stresses that the holiday market is comprised of vast and diverse consumer groups. To further illustrate the importance of market segmentation in holiday market, this paper will cite examples on how different companies segment their market through different methods and offer a specialized product for each segment. The author talks tyhat the whole market of Tourism Victoria ranges from local Australian residents to international travelers. However, to identify the most lucrative groups and sub-groups in the market it had to classify customers into different sub-groups according to their unique characteristics and target only those profitable niches. Afterwards, the company was able to come up with three major target market segments. The use of relevant marketing models in ensuring an efficient marketing plan for the company is practiced by almost all companies worldwide. These marketing models become an effective tool in diagnosing the marketing needs of a firm at the same time that they also convey the marketing needs of a particular product or product line. This report makes a conclusion that an effective marketing strategy is often the key to the profitability and marketability of a product. In this past faced world, the key is in knowing your customers and efficiently serving them according to their needs. An analysis of the consumers’ lifestyle, attitude, preference, and behavior is very essential in crafting an effective marketing strategy not just in the holiday market but in other industries. Likewise, it is also important to consider the life cycle of a product in making right marketing mix.

Underage Drinking Essay Example for Free

Underage Drinking Essay Joseph A. Califano, Jr. , Chairman and President of The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University once said, â€Å"A child who reaches age 21 without smoking, abusing alcohol or using drugs is virtually certain never to do so. † â€Å"Damn! †, I thought to myself as I rolled over and looked at the clock on the nightstand upon hearing my phone ringing at exactly 1:35 in the morning. I instantly new and felt something was wrong. â€Å"May I speak with First Sergeant Foy please? † growled the man with the husky voice on the other side of the phone line. â€Å"First Sergeant, this is Sergeant Miller of the Military Police station here at Fort Campbell. I have three of your soldiers here that are being charged with underage drinking and public intoxication. Can you please have a Sergeant First Class or higher here to sign for the soldiers? † â€Å"Yeah†, I barked into the phone. â€Å"I will be there shortly. † I hang up the phone without asking who the three soldiers were. Traveling back on base to Fort Campbell, my mind was racing back and forth between who the three soldiers were and what I would do to them as punishment when I arrive. Upon arrival at the military police station, there sat handcuffed Private First Class Lees, Private First Class Pierre and Private First Class Beck. All three, upon seeing my arrival, looked to the ground. Looking at them reminded me of the look my son gives me every time he does something wrong. Without a word, I signed for the three soldiers and called up their respective Platoon Sergeants, at least now knowing for sure they are already awake by that time, at 03:00 in the morning. I commanded the soldiers to stay at the barracks for the rest of the four-day weekend and be ready to see me at 09:30 AM after their first day back. The following Tuesday, the soldiers were then read their Miranda rights and are given a packet that they will have to take a lawyer to look. After which, they were given their corresponding punishments known as the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Punishments range from taking the rank from the soldiers, which we call a bust, and/or restriction to the post, and/or imposing extra duty, and/or taking monetary amount from the soldiers. These are, of course, up to the Commander of the unit. I, being a First Sergeant, am the right hand and senior advisor to the Commander of the company. Usually, whatever the First Sergeant and Commander agree upon will ultimately be the punishment of the soldiers. The following month, all three soldiers were given suspended busts, forfeiture of 300 dollars for one month, extra duties and restriction for seven days. One of the soldiers asked during his time with the Commander, â€Å"If I can vote, go to Iraq next month with my unit, serve my country with honor, combat terrorism and even give my life for my country at eighteen, then why can’t I have a drink or two with my friends before I leave? † Seven days later, we deployed to Iraq. The reason that I narrated this story first is simply to recognize the fact that underage drinking has become a problem in the United States of America and even in the Military. In fact, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism stated, â€Å"By the time they reach the eighth grade, nearly 50 percent of adolescents have had at least one drink, and over 20 percent report having been drunk. Among 12th graders, almost 30 percent report drinking on three or more occasions per month. Approximately 30 percent of 12th graders engage in heavy drinking or binge drinking, that is having at least five or more drinks on one occasion within the past 2 weeks, and it is estimated that 20 percent do so on more than one occasion† (â€Å"National Institute†, 2003). These percentages are astounding whenever I think about everything else that goes along with underage drinking such as drunk driving, sexual misconduct and even death. But, as I contemplate on this serious social and health issue, I cannot help but think to myself the experiences I had with regard to underage drinking. At the time when I was still a minor, I remembered knocking a few beers with my guy friends at our football team’s victory party. I knew back then that doing these things were largely for the purpose of being able to ‘fit in’. I believe it would be pretty accurate to say that peer pressure, especially today, is indeed one of the main reasons why teens indulge in underage drinking. According to Wikipedia (2008), â€Å"Peer pressure is a term describing the pressure exerted by a peer or group in encouraging a person to change their attitude, behavior and/or morals to conform to, for example, the group’s actions, fashion sense, taste in music and television, or outlook on life (â€Å"Peer†, 2008) In my opinion, peer pressure is the most dangerous â€Å"weapon† used against teens today. Knowing that teenagers nowadays are too gullible or susceptible to society or friends’ influences, for me, peer pressure may indeed be considered a dangerous weapon used, though obliquely, by teens. It is very possible that what parents teach their children throughout from their childhood to teenage years are easily swayed and distorted by influential friends overnight. According to the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth at Georgetown University (2008), underage drinking is estimated to account for between 12 percent and 20 percent of the United States alcohol market. It also states that more youth in the United States drink alcohol than smoke tobacco or marijuana, making it the drug most used by American young people† (â€Å"The Center†, 2008). Tallying that up, it would take millions and millions of dollars that teenagers spend on alcohol, just to fit in or have to face the consequences of becoming a full blown alcoholic at an early age or even later on into adulthood. Teenagers must be made aware of the long term effects of alcohol use. Dependence on alcohol has also been linked to depression, anxiety, oppositional defiant disorder, antisocial personality disorder and other psychological problems, some more severe then the ones mentioned. Some way, we have to get it through to them that drinking alcohol can and in most cases will lead to harder drugs. It is considered a responsibility of the society to protect the welfare of its adolescent members. Communities as a whole must come together to help prevent the use of alcohol in our teens today. And this must be a concerted effort to work effectively. Parents have to look for signs of underage drinking actively. Look for signs like mood swings, sudden problems in school such as poor attendance, sudden disobedience of family rules, hanging out with a new group of friends that they do not want for you to meet, low energy and a lack of interest in activities, smelling alcohol on your kids breath or just any behavior that is not in the norm for your child. Take action immediately. Communication is a good means. Let them know the long term effects of alcohol dependency and make them feel they are not hopeless. If children can see their parents drinking, there is also a great tendency for the former to do the same. Therefore, parents must be warily responsible. Growing Kids’ (2007) article stated, â€Å"It is much better to show your children how to expect them to behave, rather than merely telling them. † Together as a whole community we can make a difference (â€Å"Growing Kids†, 2007). In the story I have narrated, the young soldiers, no matter how disciplined they are supposed to be, will still go through the ‘need’ to engage in drinking. At times, I think, who am I to prevent them from doing what they want? But thinking of the perilous effects of underage drinking makes me feel responsible for these soldiers. I have a role to play in their lives. The fact that I am of authority to them issues me the ‘privilege’ to teach them what is bad and swerve from such. The fact that the three soldiers were caught and put in military police custody already proposes a significant presence of alcohol influence even in teens who are supposed to be extremely disciplined and guarded. How much more those people who are freely able to decide for themselves without supervision of people in authority? The fact that sever military punishments, even if they were aware of it, did not stop them from consuming alcohol only shows the possibility for them not to care about the penalty or retribution that they will get. Are teenagers nowadays becoming less and less wary just to have fun and drink? Parents are not the only ones responsible for these young adults. We, too, are. If we would not do something for these kids, who will? Besides, it is the future generation that will be affected, and we would not want that to happen.

Great People :: miscellaneous

Great People Only great men are marked with great faults.† This quotation from â€Å"Maxims† was written by La Rochefoucauld. He states that people with nobility of their minds create many mistakes throughout their lives. This quotation is only partially correct, people do indeed have faults but it is these faults that restrict them from being great. Every person has done unpleasant acts that disassociate them from being a great person. Each day, people break society's norms or rules and most feel they have done nothing wrong. A man who has sex with the under aged girl has a justification for his actions. He tells himself that she knew what she was getting into even though he did actually rape her. Just as a man with his wife’s blood on his hands justifies that she deserved her punishment for not following his rules. Everyone breaks some form of laws through out the day. People who do not see themselves as criminals break laws, for instance the average speeder or traffic light runner. These people are in a hurry and do not want the hassle of stopping or slowing down instead they go on and have an accident. Each person has their own way of justifying their actions. Most people blame someone else for their own actions because to them they did nothing wrong. While others compare their actions to the actions of others who did a deed far worse than theirs. With this constant justification of our negative traits peoples' views of reality begin to become distorted and lost. With distortion of reality the whole society begins to shift into a greatless nation of sinners. Some people who are thought of being great discover inventions that injure or take others’ lives. For example Albert Einstein, he was the discoverer of atomic energy. This energy has been used to devastate entire cities and kill uncountable numbers of people. Atomic energy emits a massive amount of radiation that pollutes our air, water, and land leaving large areas inaccessible for years to come. Is this the work of a great individual? No, a great person would not create something that would be this destructive. Albert Einstein obviously did not know the full extent of his discovery. He did not take the time to completely research all the possibilities and consequences that came with his findings. So in other words the human race is still paying for his mistakes.

The Effects of Global Warming on the Country Columbia :: Environmental Global Climate Change

Global warming is a very serious case, especially on a world wide scale knowing that it poses many extreme problems to different countries. Columbia is an upstart and emergent developing country that is significantly yielded by the issue of global warming. Global warming is caused by certain greenhouse gases that trap in radiation and heat from the sun and earth. These gases have always been produced in past times, but at a level that nature can balance and live by. It is us humans that act as a catalyst to creating and providing for global warming. One main gas, carbon dioxide, is very abundant in Columbia. However, the increase of it’s numbers has raised a serious concern in my country for future problems. Columbia is a vastly developing country, so industries and companies are moving in to make business. Their unlawful and selfish emission of carbon dioxide through power plants and other fossil fuel burning industries raise an eye for concern and show need for a safer law to obey by. For one, Columbia is greatly known for it’s extravagant and plentiful tropical lands. Its tropical forest split in parts by rivers such as the Magdalena, Caqueta and Cauca that produce mass biological life. However, these trees in the forest are large sites for deforestation. Companies that come in Columbia and remove the trees for irrational reasons disturb the balance of life, as well as create global warming problems. For example, trees absorb the carbon dioxide that humans and animals exhale to evenly produce a cycle. With more and more trees in the rain forests in Columbia being cut down, the higher the carbon dioxide level rises. Carbon dioxide changes our earths climate due to the carbon dioxide particles absorbing heat. The more my country loses it’s natural resources, such as trees and forests, the higher the concentration of carbon dioxide gas, increasing the country’s temperature. Columbia is protected from the Pacific Ocean by the illustrious Andes Mountains. The Andes Mountains provide relief from the ocean’s winds, homes for many animals and a source for natural resources. The tops of the mountains are caped with ice glaciers that are rapidly melting. The carbon dioxide particles, trapping heat and creating unusually high temperatures, melt the ice caps. With this at hand, the rivers over flow, therefore producing flood and destruction of crops. Rivers once flowing with a balanced amount of water that satisfied animals and other life forms along the river now become disrupted and generate more problems.

Tracy Foote Week Three Discussion Questions

David Rivers MKT/421 Tracy Foote Week Three Discussion Questions †¢Select a product with which you are familiar. What stage is this product at in the product life cycle? Provide rationale for your answer. The chose Apples IPhone and currently it is the Maturity phase of the product life cycle. The IPhone is very popular and is often copied or remanufactured to look like and perform the same as the original.Apple is creating new features, products, and apps to allow users to do a lot more than ever before. Based on your knowledge of the product life cycle, what types of changes will occur to this product as it continues through the product life cycle? Apple is going to face tough competition as it tries to hold on to market share and maintain revenue. How will this affect marketing of the product? Once the IPhone it the market it took off like a rocket.The market wanted to get it in the action and flooded the market with so-called smartphones. It is my opinion that Apple will hav e to reduce the price of the phone and better serve the its customers with continued upgrades and apps. †¢Select a product or service. Then, select three different organizations that provide your selected product or service and compare the prices associated with it. What is the difference between the prices among the different organizations?What is the rationale for this difference? The IPhone, the Verizon HTC phone, and the Windows phone are in the ballpark as far as price goes, the difference will be in the plans selected to run each phone. Each of the competitors is trying to build a better mousetrap and price out the competition. However, technology is not cheap and the cost reduction will have to occur somewhere in the manufacturing process for one company to surpass the rest.

Fictional Story Essay

Fictional Story Essay Fictional Story Essay Psychology What is Psychology? Professor Dominique Bentley Kishwaukee College Abstract What do your dreams mean? Why can’t we tickle ourselves? This course attempts to answer these queries and many others, providing a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of thought and behavior. It explores topics such as perception, communication, learning, memory, decision-making, religion, persuasion, hunger, art, fiction, and dreams. We will look at how these parts of the mind develop in children, how they differ across people, how they are wired-up in the brain, and how they break down due to illness and injury. This paper is designed to help you all understand the main points of psychology and what it means. What is Psychology? Many things can affect what we dream about and they are not always our previous thoughts. Dreams can be a window into another world. Things such as gender, information gained during the course of time, or even sensations established while asleep all subsidize to the content of dreams. Many times they contribute more than most people think. Dreams achieve emotional homework that helps us master life’s lessons. The mind will work sub-consciously on the small things in life that are often missed because of greater problems. Many times your mind will put information together that was gathered over whichever a long or short eras of time. For instance, if two pieces of information were attained, the mind would subconsciously put them together while in a dream state. While both men and women have the ability of doing this, women have an easier time recalling their dreams. This may be because of the content of the dreams or the fact that men generally do not worry about them as much. The mind also in the dream state can process certain outside stimuli. There have been professional dream interpreters for many years. The problem with the all of the interpreters is that they looked for the meaning of the dreams and not why we are having the dreams. Though many researchers have found many new facts and information on dreams there is still a lot of info that still needs to be discovered. While the breakthrough in dreams and psyche have perplexed the scientific industry, the thought of being able to employ dreams is incredible. In this next chapter we are going to explore certain things only another person can do for ourselves, tickling. Try it; you (mostly) can’t. It is a well-known fact that you can’t tickle yourself. Brush your own fingers across the soles of your feet. You certainly feel a sensation, but it’s nothing like when someone else does it. But why can’t you tickle yourself? If someone else can tickle you, then you should be able to tickle yourself. After all, I can feel my own touch just the same as someone else’s can’t I? The response is, psychologists think, that our brains have a basic function which is designed to tell whether some perception is caused by us, or whether it comes from outside. The difference between the two is significant because else your own touch might give you the same revelation as when someone comes up behind you and taps you on the shoulder. After all if you could tickle yourself, the world would be full of laughter. Some other explorations we will come across in this psychology course, is religion. Religion and spirituality play a foremost role in the indulgent of human behavior. Religion and spirituality have been a part of human experience throughout the course of history, tapping into almost every facet of life from ethnic beliefs to the arts. Religion and spirituality incorporate a world that goes beyond our overall understanding of how and why by ascribing a higher overall purpose and meaning that spreads outside of our lives here on earth. As a professor I do not believe that a passable psychological understanding of most people cannot be proficient in the absence of religion and or spirituality. Science for example gives tolerable answers to incidences in

Free Essays on The Effects of Attachment Styles on Relationship Functioning

THE EFFECTS OF ATTACHMENT STYLES ON RELATIONSHIP FUNCTIONING Jeffry A. Simpson, in the article â€Å"Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships† (1990) said, â€Å"Study of individual differences in attachment styles is likely to contribute significantly to our understanding of why close relationships vary in both their quality and interpersonal nature.† Recent research in the past few decades has proposed that the attachment style a person has which is developed by the childhood relationships with parents and important attachment figures is an important determinant in the experience of romantic love in later years. There has been increasing scientific support that attachment plays an important role in adult attachment and romantic relationships. In this respect, this paper will focus on the effects of attachment styles of adults in relationship functioning and satisfaction. In this respect the research question I will be focusing on will be â€Å"How do the attachment styles in adults affect relationship functioni ng and satisfaction?† I first see the need to form a conceptual background on the issue of attachment. The emotional bond between infants and their mothers can be seen in both humans as well as in many other animals. When an infant needs his mother and she is unavailable, such as in the case of separation, the infant is extremely distracted, he protests and searches for the mother. If such searching fails, the infant becomes depressed, and can even enter a state of disregard for and avoidance of the mother if she returns. Attachment is first introduced by Bowlby (1969, 1973, 1979, 1980) to explain how infants become emotionally attached to their primary caregivers and how stressful they become when separated. After Bowlby's theory, researchers began to investigate individual differences in attachment styles. Ainsworth and her colleagues (e.g., 1978, 1982) have identified three major attachment patterns based on ... Free Essays on The Effects of Attachment Styles on Relationship Functioning Free Essays on The Effects of Attachment Styles on Relationship Functioning THE EFFECTS OF ATTACHMENT STYLES ON RELATIONSHIP FUNCTIONING Jeffry A. Simpson, in the article â€Å"Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships† (1990) said, â€Å"Study of individual differences in attachment styles is likely to contribute significantly to our understanding of why close relationships vary in both their quality and interpersonal nature.† Recent research in the past few decades has proposed that the attachment style a person has which is developed by the childhood relationships with parents and important attachment figures is an important determinant in the experience of romantic love in later years. There has been increasing scientific support that attachment plays an important role in adult attachment and romantic relationships. In this respect, this paper will focus on the effects of attachment styles of adults in relationship functioning and satisfaction. In this respect the research question I will be focusing on will be â€Å"How do the attachment styles in adults affect relationship functioni ng and satisfaction?† I first see the need to form a conceptual background on the issue of attachment. The emotional bond between infants and their mothers can be seen in both humans as well as in many other animals. When an infant needs his mother and she is unavailable, such as in the case of separation, the infant is extremely distracted, he protests and searches for the mother. If such searching fails, the infant becomes depressed, and can even enter a state of disregard for and avoidance of the mother if she returns. Attachment is first introduced by Bowlby (1969, 1973, 1979, 1980) to explain how infants become emotionally attached to their primary caregivers and how stressful they become when separated. After Bowlby's theory, researchers began to investigate individual differences in attachment styles. Ainsworth and her colleagues (e.g., 1978, 1982) have identified three major attachment patterns based on ...

Shakespeares Vocabulary

Shakespeares Vocabulary Shakespeares Vocabulary Shakespeares Vocabulary By Maeve Maddox Shakespeare (1564-1616) wrote during the Renaissance, a time when the English language was being inundated with new words. Based on a count from the OED, between 10,000 and 12,000 new words were added to English during the 16th century. About half have found a permanent place in the language. The majority of the new words came from Latin and were used by educated people who wrote books. They jumped quickly from the printed page into everyday speechpresumably by way of such popular entertainments as plays and sermons. The character of Sir Andrew Aguecheek in Twelfth Night may reflect the eagerness of non-scholars to learn new words: VIOLA [to Olivia] Most excellent accomplished lady, the heavens rain odours on you! SIR ANDREW [aside] That youths a rare courtier: Rain odours; well. VIOLA My matter hath no voice, to your own most pregnant and vouchsafed ear. SIR ANDREW Odours, pregnant and vouchsafed: Ill get em all three all ready. Except for a professional translator like Philemon Holland (1552-1637), Shakespeare used the largest vocabulary of any English writer. Some of the words he used in his plays are documented only a year or two before his use of them: exist, initiate, and jovial, for example. Its impossible to say how many words Shakespeare coined, but his works provide the first documentation for words including accommodation, apostrophe, assassination, dexterously, dislocate, frugal, indistinguishable, misanthrope, obscene, pedant, premeditated, reliance, and submerged. He makes fun of some of the new words going round by putting them in the mouths of pompous clowns like Holofernes in Loves Labours Lost: HOLOFERNES The deer was, as you know, sanguis, in blood; ripe as the pomewater, who now hangeth like a jewel in the ear of caelo, the sky, the welkin, the heaven; and anon falleth like a crab on the face of terra, the soil, the land, the earth. SIR NATHANIEL Truly, Master Holofernes, the epithets are sweetly varied, like a scholar at the least: but, sir, I assure ye, it was a buck of the first head. †¦ HOLOFERNES Most barbarous intimation! yet a kind of insinuation, as it were, in via, in way, of explication; facere, as it were, replication, or rather, ostentare, to show, as it were, his inclination, after his undressed, unpolished, uneducated, unpruned, untrained, or rather, unlettered, or ratherest, unconfirmed fashion, to insert again my haud credo for a deer. Shakespearean words we still use are agile, allurement, antipathy, catastrophe, critical, demonstrate, dire, emphasis, emulate, extract, hereditary, horrid, impertinent, meditate, modest, pathetic, prodigious, vast, barricade, cavalier, mutiny, and pell-mell. The meanings of many of these words have changed since the 16th century. For example, we use communicate to mean exchange information. When Shakespeare uses it in Comedy of Errors, it still had the Latin meaning of to share or make common to many. In Merchant of Venice, Lorenzo uses expect (from Latin expectare, to await) in the sense of to wait for: †¦lets in and there expect their coming. The word humorous has been used in English with various senses before coming to mean comical or funny, including the meanings damp, capricious, moody, and peevish. Five of the words that Shakespeare made fun in the speech of Holofernes (intimation, insinuation, explication, replication, and inclination) caught on and survived into modern usage. Some of the same educators who are willing to drop the study of Shakespeare from the general curriculum probably complain about a decline in vocabulary in todays high school graduates. There may be no connection, but the fact remains that the close study of even one of Shakespeares plays will yield a significant jump in vocabulary for the serious reader. Sources: A History of the English Language, Alfred C. Baugh The Complete Works of Shakespeare, The Literature Network Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should KnowCapitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and MovementsTrooper or Trouper?

Analysis of Equity and Fraud Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis of Equity and Fraud - Research Paper Example All these measures have been introduced with the intention of preventing fraud and ensuring that there are no hidden transfers of equitable interests and that the contents of a deceased person’s will are clearly evidenced in writing. The purpose of the Wills Act of 1837 is, therefore, to encourage people to make out their last wishes formally, publicly and in writing to prevent any scope for misunderstanding. However, the public nature of wills is often a significant drawback in some instances. A will is a public document and can be accessed by anyone and there are instances when a testator may wish to make provision for a mistress or an illegitimate child for example, which are not to be revealed in the public eye. In such instances, a testator may resort to secret trusts or half-secret trusts, whereby he formally and outwardly designates a legatee as the beneficiary of his estate, yet enters into a private arrangement with him for dispersal of the assets of his estate to other parties. The legatee thus accepts the gift after having provided an assurance to the testator for dispersal of the gift in accordance with the testator’s wishes. Hence this gives rise to the existence of a secret trust, however, if the beneficiaries cannot prove the existence of such a trust, the legatee may take the property free of the trust, which raises the issue of fraud. However, as established in the Snowden case, it is not for the legatee to prove that he is holding the property on trust, rather the beneficiaries of the trust must prove this, on the basis of the probabilities that exist.  Ã‚  

4 Discussion questions to be answered Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

4 Discussion questions to be answered - Essay Example ssessment methods that do not group people based on their physical appearance or origin will go a long way in reducing the possibility of adverse impacts. The method used should also be uniform for all employees. Learning the advanced counseling skills has helped me a lot, as now I am able to apply what I learn in class to real life experiences. According to Smaby and Maddux (2010), a person’s personal characteristics affect their success during counseling training. I always become anxious about my counseling performance. Students are expected to repeat practicing the basic skills in advanced counseling and therefore I have developed more experience in the application of the basic counseling, which has reduced my anxiety. This has made me good at reflecting. I am able to encourage people to continue talking by showing them that I am able to perceive the world as they see it. I think my anxiety is my driving force as it makes me practice often and it makes me a good listener. I will continue working on it as I can see the positive effects it has on everyone around me, myself included. I think that the collection of personal information from unsuspecting web users is both a good marketing strategy and at the same it is an invasion of privacy. I remember the first time I noticed this, I had searched a website from abroad then later I saw the same website being advertised on other websites that I was accessing. It was creepy at first before I realized what was happening. For those companies, it is a good marketing strategy because their products reach their targeted audiences, including new products that are not familiar to an individual. This is possible even without opening the particular website. People on the other hand get hold of information about things that interest them without going the extra mile of actually searching for the product. As much as both the websites and consumers are benefiting, at the end of the day I believe that it is wrong to sell

Heroism English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Heroism English - Essay Example As the world has become technologically advanced, and knowledge has thrived, use of mind has taken over the use of physical force to a large extent. As a result of this, there has occurred an expansion, if not a change in the definition of a hero. A hero in the 21st century is not necessarily physically strong and powerful, but he is emotionally intelligent and brave, and is able to fight the evils the community or society is suffering from to pacify the society. Sheikh Zayed was the leader who made a difference in people people’s life. In 1971, Sheikh Zayed invited six presidents from different regions in order to have one strong country instead of several weak ones. He succeeded by establishing the United Arab Emirates and being the first president (uae-embassy.org, 2009). Sheikh Zayed was a wise leader who dealt with the union progress patiently. He turns the United Arab Emirates from the state of chaos to a powerful country in thirty years. He focused on educating people. Also, he helped many countries to fight against their rights and problems. He made various decisions that influenced many countries such as Palestine issue. Sheikh Zayed was a lovely leader who drew a smile on his people faces. He worked hard in order to achieve his goals. Heroism is a very large concept that has many definitions. Being a good leader and guiding people to the right path might be a part of the heroism definition. Sheikh Zayed was a great example. He made many important decisions that led him to be a hero. Sheikh Zayed was a smart and wise leader. I want to do my best to develop my personality and learn his values. Learning from Sheikh Zayed is my goal. I want to be a leader who could make a different in other’s life. Sharing love and respect in the main key as Sheikh Zayed taught us. Working hard is an important value that I want to develop. Improving my personality is main focus since I have a great example of a hero going to be easier. A hero like Sheikh Zay ed has very high emotional intelligence. He can talk a lot to people easily and never runs short of thoughts on any topic. One trait of hero that I have is that I can speak to any kind of person in such a way that he starts considering me his friend. This makes me think that Sheikh Zayed and I commonly possess emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is about knowing what it takes to reach people’s hearts. Since my childhood, I have had a lot of friends. Anywhere I go, I make friends. This helps me build relationships and contacts. In the present age, social networking works a lot. You get to know the right person to approach at the right time for the right purpose. Another trait of a hero that I possess is bravery. Bravery comes from confidence. The fact that I have so many friends speaks of the confidence I have. It is the very confidence that has built bravery inside me. I say to people who I think like, not what they necessarily want to hear. Although this puts me i n tough situations sometimes, yet I know how to come out of them using my emotional intelligence. My friends often tell me that one thing they like me for is bravery, which is what makes me think that I am brave. Bravery does not only mean being bold. It means that one is able to put his view in front of the world and hold on to them in spite of all opposition and criticism which arises. I know that I am brave because I never step back from my decision when I am sure I am right no

Illegal immigrants who commited violent crimes and have U.S. Citizen Essay

Illegal immigrants who commited violent crimes and have U.S. Citizen - Essay Example America's â€Å"Birth Right citizenship† rule is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment and has turn illegal immigration not only into a gray area, but a sad one for those illegal immigrant status parents who are forcibly separated from their children who are then placed in the foster care system. From January to June of 2011, more than 46,000 parents with illegal immigrant status were deported by ICE with 21,860 parents asked to leave the country but leave their children as well. These parents are mostly illegals who have violent crime convictions as the government has chosen to concentrate on the the reasons for deportation rather than just simply basing the deportation on not having legal documents to be residing in the United States(Gonzales, â€Å"Report: 22% of Deportees Have U.S. Born Children†). One must point out that the Obama administration has been the most compassionate when addressing the issue of illegal immigrant parent status for the American born childr en. According to Gonzales (â€Å" â€Å"Report: 22% of Deportees Have U.S. Born Children†): ICE statistics show that 74% of the 46,486 parents of U.S.-citizen children deported had been convicted of crimes. Another 13% had been previously removed from the country, and 4% were fugitives — immigrants who failed to comply with deportation orders. As proven by the aforementioned statistics, selective deportation may be the key to controlling our illegal immigrant problem in terms of those having U.S. born children. It is an acknowledged fact that being born on U.S. soil does not automatically bestow citizenship on the parents of the child. But it does so for the child and by deporting the parents and keeping the child on U.S. soil, our government has a hand in one of the most inhuman and cruel acts that can be committed by an individual. That of separating a parent from a child and breaking up a family. Further complicating the situation, is the fact that the Fourteenth A mendment, which was drafted after the Civil War in order to ensure that the citizenship of freed slaves and their descendants would be protected. The â€Å"birth right† law has not seen even an iota of amending since it was conceived and thus serves the purpose of the illegal immigrants whose children are born in the United States. This is because the law was enacted during the time when the United States still had vast resources in terms of land, food, water, etc., and thus had unregulated immigration. Since our government has kept that law intact to this very day, then the government has no right to deport illegal immigrant status parents from the country (â€Å"Should Birth Right Citizenship Be Denied for U.S. Born Children of Illegal Immigrants?†). This unamendended law has become the basis of heartlessness within our government in terms of dealing with illegal immigrant status parents. In fact, it was U.S. Rep. Lucille Roybal-Allard, D-Calif who said that the repo rt on the statistics pertaining to the illegal immigrant parent removals shows: â€Å"... the terrible toll our broken immigration system is taking on families...We can't continue to claim to value families while deporting parents in the tens of thousands.† (Gonzales, â€Å"Stats Detail Deportation of Parents†). The problems posed by the situation are clear to all those concerned. The real question is, â€Å"

The Importance of Cultural Web to HR Strategy Research Proposal - 1

The Importance of Cultural Web to HR Strategy - Research Proposal Example Organizational culture is â€Å"The collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one organization from another† (Hofstede 1991). Organizational culture plays a very important role in the growth, performance, and success of the organizations. Its importance today has increased manifold as compared to the past. Traditional sources of success or competitive advantage such as product, technology, economies of scale etc are becoming less important in today’s world. Organizational culture and human resource management capabilities are becoming more vital for sustained growth these days (Alvesson, 2002). Culture is a dynamic phenomenon constantly in the process of evolution with our interactions and it is shaped by leadership, structures, rules and regulations and principles that guide our behavior. When culture is brought into the organizations one can observe not only its creation, evolution and embodiment in daily routine and practices within the organization but also as a guiding force that stabilizes, constraints and provide organizational structure and meaning to the employees. Although culture is an abstract term the forces that create this culture in the society and organization are very important. Hence culture should not only be understood but given the deserved importance as well.

Illegal immigrants who commited violent crimes and have U.S. Citizen Essay

Illegal immigrants who commited violent crimes and have U.S. Citizen - Essay Example America's â€Å"Birth Right citizenship† rule is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment and has turn illegal immigration not only into a gray area, but a sad one for those illegal immigrant status parents who are forcibly separated from their children who are then placed in the foster care system. From January to June of 2011, more than 46,000 parents with illegal immigrant status were deported by ICE with 21,860 parents asked to leave the country but leave their children as well. These parents are mostly illegals who have violent crime convictions as the government has chosen to concentrate on the the reasons for deportation rather than just simply basing the deportation on not having legal documents to be residing in the United States(Gonzales, â€Å"Report: 22% of Deportees Have U.S. Born Children†). One must point out that the Obama administration has been the most compassionate when addressing the issue of illegal immigrant parent status for the American born childr en. According to Gonzales (â€Å" â€Å"Report: 22% of Deportees Have U.S. Born Children†): ICE statistics show that 74% of the 46,486 parents of U.S.-citizen children deported had been convicted of crimes. Another 13% had been previously removed from the country, and 4% were fugitives — immigrants who failed to comply with deportation orders. As proven by the aforementioned statistics, selective deportation may be the key to controlling our illegal immigrant problem in terms of those having U.S. born children. It is an acknowledged fact that being born on U.S. soil does not automatically bestow citizenship on the parents of the child. But it does so for the child and by deporting the parents and keeping the child on U.S. soil, our government has a hand in one of the most inhuman and cruel acts that can be committed by an individual. That of separating a parent from a child and breaking up a family. Further complicating the situation, is the fact that the Fourteenth A mendment, which was drafted after the Civil War in order to ensure that the citizenship of freed slaves and their descendants would be protected. The â€Å"birth right† law has not seen even an iota of amending since it was conceived and thus serves the purpose of the illegal immigrants whose children are born in the United States. This is because the law was enacted during the time when the United States still had vast resources in terms of land, food, water, etc., and thus had unregulated immigration. Since our government has kept that law intact to this very day, then the government has no right to deport illegal immigrant status parents from the country (â€Å"Should Birth Right Citizenship Be Denied for U.S. Born Children of Illegal Immigrants?†). This unamendended law has become the basis of heartlessness within our government in terms of dealing with illegal immigrant status parents. In fact, it was U.S. Rep. Lucille Roybal-Allard, D-Calif who said that the repo rt on the statistics pertaining to the illegal immigrant parent removals shows: â€Å"... the terrible toll our broken immigration system is taking on families...We can't continue to claim to value families while deporting parents in the tens of thousands.† (Gonzales, â€Å"Stats Detail Deportation of Parents†). The problems posed by the situation are clear to all those concerned. The real question is, â€Å"

Left with writer to choose one from the list emailed to him Essay

Left with writer to choose one from the list emailed to him - Essay Example Emily is the round and dynamic characters in Faulkner's work while the flat and static characters are his father and the townsmen for no changes or developments. The setting of the story is the funeral of Emily attended by her relatives and the townspeople. The life of Emily has always been an open book. The story of her life is narrated in the third person point of view or narrated in the eyes of the townspeople. Emily's life has always been filled with all the rich and elegant belongings for her father raised her to be a fine and beautiful woman. She has lived a life comparable to a princess wherein the townspeople admired and adored her beauty. Women of her age envied her social status for all the men in the town focused on her admirable beauty. The limelight has made Emily the apple of the people's eye. She was always watched, applauded and criticized. The people in the town had control of how to live her life. Emily's father wanted to secure her by preventing any eligible bachelor to be Emily's future partner in life. The constrained life of Emily seemed to be ideal for everyone who only saw one side of the story. They were not able to feel the emptiness and loneliness that Emily felt because of his controlling father and the manipulative hands of the townspeople. Faulkner's story had an unexpected turn. ... Her affair with Homer was a union of two souls bound by their love and commitment symbolized freedom for Emily. She felt liberated by the idea of disobedience of her father's will and the people's expectations of her. Everyone believed that Emily deserved someone better than Homer and that she did not have to settle for anyone less simply because she felt lonely and alone. The climax in Faulkner's story was when Emily gave up everything she had when she chose Homer. She knew that her father would never take her back and the people would never forgive her for her own decision to get married to Homer. All throughout their relationship, Emily realized that the life of a married woman was no more than perfect. When Emily found out about Homer's fervent desire to have leave and that Homer was not willing to give up his drinking pals and his vices, she felt dismay and fear. She has already accepted the truth that she could never have him forever and she did not have enough strength to face the consequences of this revelation. Emily has always been afraid to live alone for she spent her younger years with his father's support and love that when her father died, it was hard for her to accept the truth that she will no longer be able to see his father again. Her denial caused her to become sickly and weak. In this time of distress, she sought for a new pillar of strength which she thought she found in Homer. He expected that Homer was courageous enough to leave all of his worldly activities and settle in peace with Emily. She gave everything that Homer wished. It was like she doubted the love and trust of Homer for if she really believed that he loves her without any restrictions,

Pepsi branding and marketing strategies defined in history Essay Example for Free

Pepsi branding and marketing strategies defined in history Essay In 1893 Caleb Bradham experimented on several soft drink concoctions from his drug store at North Carolina. In 1898 the brand name was first introduced as Brad’s drink but later renamed to Pepsi Cola (Ads history 2007) after the pepsin and cola nuts used in the recipe. Pepsi was first introduced as a fountain drink. It was about 750 microns wide 6 ounces straight sided bottle with paper labels glued to them and a non-descript crown on top. Price was reported to be costing for only a nickel. Advertisement before was done in signage and if you can read the arrow’s text it says: â€Å"look for the trademark† while the bottom label reads, â€Å"healthful and refreshing† (Davidson FSU 2004). In 1903 Caleb sold about 7,968 gallons using the line â€Å"exhilarating invigorating, aids digestion†. This also started his franchising activity to independent investors to about 24 states. In 1905 the logo was first changed then changed again in 1906. The slogan was also changed to the â€Å"original pure food drink† which gives a boost to sales of 38,605 gallons. In 1908 the company was the first to shift from horse drawn carts to motor vehicles mode of delivery. In 1909 Barney Oldfield endorsed Pepsi as â€Å"a bully drink†¦ refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before the race.† In 1920 the theme was changed to â€Å"drink Pepsi cola, it will satisfy you†. In 1934 Pepsi cola replaced the 6 ounce bottle to 12 ounce bottle at the same price which is still a nickel. The shift was brought about by the high depression which demands for low cost products but high value. The 12 ounce bottle previously priced at ten cents was slashed to five cents which made a hit because it was of same value as the competitive colas of 6 ounce bottles. It was then known as the Pepsi legacy followed by skyrocketed sales giving the company a real good break. In 1939 they pioneered the idea of a comic strip form of advertising in the newspapers introduced and named as Pepsi Pete promoting the product as â€Å"twice as much for a nickel† which deliberately increased consumer awareness in the process. Pepsi cola was remarkably associated nationwide with two policemen that were patterned after the Keystone Kops and became extremely popular. In 1940 their nationwide advertising campaign theme was changed to: â€Å"Pepsi cola hits the spot, 12 full ounces, that’s a lot twice as much for a nickel too! Pepsi cola is the drink for you.† At the same time, they launched the first jingle in the cola world known as â€Å"Nickel, nickel†. The jingle was recorded in fifty five different languages and produced over one million records played coast to coast on radio. It was well adapted by the consumers and those who have heard the jingle. Their jingles appropriately played to the perception and emotional-psychological responses of the consumers for even fifty years later some still remembered. The logo was also changed to a simpler bolder rounded script letters that is really noticeable. Pepsi cola bottles adapted the embossed 12 ounce bottle designed and had the word Pepsi blown and baked into the side of the bottle while the paper labels were replaced as blown labels also. Pepsi cola began to tap the African American niche market and commenced advertising in a Negro newspaper lead by an all black sales team. They also sponsored a nationwide essay contest hiring African Americans professionals in the process. An advertisement specifically aimed for African Americans was modeled by a black mother holding a six packed Pepsi while the son was reaching out to the bottles. In 1941, the crown was changed to red, white, and blue. This was done to support America’s war effort. They wisely set up a Pepsi canteen in Times Square New York. It served to help families’ record messages for overseas armed service personnel. In 1943 the theme twice as much included â€Å"bigger drink, better taste†. In 1947 one of their ad campaigns profiled prominent African Americans using the title â€Å"Leaders in their field†. Using racism as a selling point, their sales shot up dramatically. In 1949 the theme â€Å"why take less when Pepsi’s best† was added. In 1950 the new logo incorporated the bottle cap look. Advertising was done by promoting Pepsi as an experience rather than a bargain. Slogan was changed to â€Å"more bounce to the ounce†. They relied and invested more with advertising that tripled their sales that year. The jingle was then changed to â€Å"have a Pepsi, the light refreshment†. In 1953 Americans became conscious with weight and health that they changed their slogan to â€Å"the light refreshment†. The formula was also changed with a reduced caloric content. In 1954 the slogan â€Å"refreshing without filling† was incorporated to the light refreshment theme. In 1958 Pepsi was known as the kitchen cola as a result of its bargain branch longtime positioning. This time Pepsi targeted the young fashionable consumers. The slogan was changed to â€Å"be sociable, have a Pepsi†. The bottle was then changed to the swirl designed bottle replacing the old straight sided one. Along with it was the introduction of the ballroom dancing. In 1960 the slogan was changed to â€Å"now it’s Pepsi for those who think young†. It defines youth as a psychological state of mind it maintains its appeal for the post war young generation and to all market segments. Some commercials portrayed people going fishing. In 1962 the logo was changed again with serrated bottle caps along with its Pepsi generation ads. In 1963 12 ounce bottles gave way to16 ounce bottles. Pepsi then introduced the 12 ounce Pepsi cans to the military for transport convenience. Their advertising history’s slogan was introduced as â€Å"come alive, you’re in the Pepsi generation† along with their jingle â€Å"come alive† also. Commercials usually portrayed sports and entertainment concept like motorbikes, amusement park and sand sailing. In 1970 Pepsi introduced the first two liter bottles. They were also the first to respond to consumer’s need for light weight recyclable plastic bottles. In 1973 Pepsi changed its logo again. The slogan was also changed to â€Å"join the Pepsi people, feeling free† which is their very own interpretation of one people but with many personalities. In 1975 Pepsi introduced the Pepsi challenge marketing campaign where the results of the blind tasting test between Pepsi cola and its rival Coca cola was made public through television commercials. Participants picked Pepsi as the cola that taste better. As a result Coca cola changed their formula to taste more like Pepsi. The slogan jingle was then â€Å"you’ve got a lot to live, Pepsi got a lot to give†. On that year   the two liter plastishield bottle was introduced. The theme is to promote to live and to give. In 1978 the 12 packed can were introduced to the market. In 1991 Pepsi introduced the first polyethylene terephthalate (PET) along with the changed of its new logo. In 1993 the slogan was changed to â€Å"be young, have fun† modeled by Shaquille O’Neal. In 2001 Britney Spears run her first Pepsi commercial doing her own version of â€Å"The joy of Pepsi†. In 2003 Pepsi cola has a new theme: â€Å"Pepsi it’s the cola.† It portrays popularity in the cola industry that goes from food to fun. Evaluation For decades Pepsi has defined itself as the slogan wizard that can closely associate with the times and changing lifestyle of the consumers. It has first introduced itself as a health drink which was the very reason why it has garnered a big portion of the cola market pie. As it continued to evolve in the market, it has studied its market well, and has well developed themes and slogans or activities that will create consumer awareness. Marketing strategy has always been the challenge of any external environment and how you select your target market, know the needs of your market and penetrate by spending more on advertisements to create consumer awareness. And how Pepsi has penetrated consumers like the Blacks was by spending on advertisements promoting racism to equality and in return enjoyed skyrocketed sales. Tactics will always change along with the evolution of logos, bottle designs, storyboard and jingles. Jingles and music have a very strong psychological effect on the minds of the consumers. It will always be remembered even if fifty years later. Jingles tune and lyrics stays more in the minds of the consumers longer than plain ads signage, commercials, and slogans. As we have noted Pepsi has been very sensitive with what is happening to its world politically and with the needs of its consumers as portrayed by their continuous changed of slogans and jingles. Pepsi has always been portrayed to be part of the life of their target markets. It was never separated in commercials as plain features of the product but rather as something that consumers can greatly identify with themselves. Marketing was a silent warfare among leading competitors. What Pepsi did was to concentrate on specific untapped niche markets and evolved its theme to be able to maintain consumer database. Pepsi had always been keen to combine on product, price, market, and promotion sometimes as far as demographics and selection which always resulted to a captivated market. Pepsi realized that it should focus and play on product innovation and advertising first to promote the brand and not the reverse. Their strong image was the result of directed marketing mix variables. The slogans were always guided by the concept of people and health as it was presented as a health drink in the first stages of its life. When Pepsi developed its campaign Pepsi generation portraying the product as a trendy drink for the young, it has made other cola products looked stodgy. Branding may offer instant product recognition or sort of identification but it was, for always, a result of effective advertising. Pepsi had successfully made the consumers identified themselves with the product by its series of jingles and slogans with just one unchanged brand name but packed with a lot of commercials and ads networking. One thing for sure Pepsi was able to determine its market changing lifestyle, need, and taste and that the product needs to evolve along with the consumer’s trend. So advertising could well focus on the dominating activity of target market in the life cycle of the product. Perception and emotional responses of the consumers were of very important consideration on Pepsi’s approach in the process of creating consumer’s sense of identification with the product. The main thing that Pepsi had done is to link the product with the consumer and not the consumer linking self with the product. As a result they had a handful of loyal customer base. Summary of Pepsi ads and logos Year 1898: Introduction of Pepsi. Packaging: 750 microns wide, 6 ounces straight sided bottle, paper labels glued to them, non-descript crown on top Cost: nickel Theme: Look for the trademark, healthful and refreshing. Branding: Introduced first as Brad’s drink but was later changed to Pepsi cola. Logo: Thin brand name Pepsi cola. Packaging: 6 pack bottle as shown below. Advertising: form of signage, please see image below: Delivery: horse driven cart Year 1903: start of franchising. Theme: Exhilarating, invigorating, aids digestion. Sales: 7,968 gallons Logo: still the same. Year 1905: Logo was first changed. The point is to make the letters bolder from the old thin ones. This is easier to read even at a distance. Delivery: automobile delivery Year 1909: Barney Oldfield Endorsement: Barney oldfield, a racer, endorsed Pepsi. Theme: A bully drink†¦ refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before the race. Advertisements: newspaper ads Year 1920: Theme Theme: Drink Pepsi cola, it will satisfy you Year 1934: Pepsi legacy. Price of product: changed from ten cents to five cents. Packaging: 12 full ounce bottles. Sales: skyrocketed. Year 1939: comic strip Comic strip: Pepsi Pete Advertising: newspapers Effect of advertising: Pepsi cola was associated with the characters. Theme: Twice as much for a nickel Signage: Target market: Advertising targeting African Americans: Year 1940: Jingle break Theme: â€Å"Pepsi-Cola hits the spot Twelve full ounces, that’s a lot Twice as much for a nickel, too Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you.† Jingle: Nickel, nickel Logo: Packaging: bottles are 12 full ounce with embossed Pepsi word and label. Sponsored: Nationwide essay writing using Blacks Year 1941: American war support Crown: changed to red, white, and blue Make: Year 1943: Theme Theme: Bigger drink, better taste Year 1947: Blacks in ads Theme: Leaders in their field Year 1949: Theme Theme: Why take less when Pepsi’s best Year 1950: bottle cap Slogan: More bounce to the ounce (energetic decade) Logo: bottle cap with desc logo Jingle: have a Pepsi, the light refreshment Year 1953: Theme Slogan: The light refreshment Reason: to answer the weight conscious Americans Year 1954: Theme Slogan added: Refreshing without filling Year 1958: Target Target market: young and fashionable Slogan: Be sociable, have a Pepsi Bottle: swirl design Trend: ballroom dancing Year 1960: slogan Slogan: Now it’s Pepsi for those who think young Reason: Be young think young Commercials: soda fountain, fishing Year 1962: logo Logo: logo was changed Caps: serrated bottle caps Year 1963: bottles volume Bottles: shifted from 12 ounce to 16 ounce then to 12 ounce cans Jingle: Come alive Slogan: Come alive, you’re in the Pepsi generation. Reason: Identifies with the consumers and not by the products attributes Commercials: motorbikes, amusement park, sand sailing Year 1970: bottles Bottles: two liters Year 1973: logo Logo was changed Slogan: Join the Pepsi people, feeling free Reason: One people, many personalities Year 1975: Pepsi challenge Commercials: results of the Pepsi challenge was made public in TV Jingle: You’ve got to live Pepsi got a lot to give Bottle: introduction of two liter plastishield bottles Year 1978: Packaging: introduced the 12 packed cans Year 1991: Packaging: PET Logo: changed Year 1993: theme Slogan: Be young have fun Year 2001: theme Slogan: The joy of Pepsi References Ads history highlights (2007). Retrieved November 8, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Website: http://www.pepsi.com/help/faqs/faq.php?category=ads_and_history page=highlights Davidson, M. W. FSU (2004). The Pepsi generation. Retrieved November 8, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Website: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/creatures/pages/pepsi.html

Disease Process Of Herpes Zoster Health And Social Care Essay

Disease Process Of Herpes Zoster Health And Social Care Essay This paper will describe the disease process of Herpes Zoster. Herpes Zoster more commonly referred to as Shingles is an acute, unilateral, and segmental inflammation of sensory nerve roots. Herpes Zoster will be referred to as Shingles hereafter in this paper. The first section of this paper will explain the epidemiology of Shingles. This will include prevalence, mortality, and morbidity using the latest statistics available. The second section will list the predisposing factors of Shingles. Rationales for all risk factors explaining why each one predisposes the individual for that particular disease will be covered. In the third section the pathophysiology will explained. A brief description of the normal anatomy and physiological mechanism will precede the actual pathophysiology. In the fourth section all clinical manifestations will be listed. Including complaints from patients, and abnormalities found in physical exams. In the fifth section an explanation of all tests used to di agnose the disease and a description of these tests. The subsequent section will list the management of this disease from a medical stand point. This will include a description and rationale for all types of interventions such as invasive, non-invasive procedures, and pharmacological measures used to treat this disease. In the seventh section, nursing management of this condition will be explained. This will include nursing diagnoses, nursing goals, interventions (pharmacological, dietary, and patient education). The eighth and final section will describe research trends for this disorder. Including any new treatments, pharmacological, immunizations, invasive/non-invasive therapies, and, diagnostic testing, that are currently under investigation. Epidemiology Shingles is the resurgence of latent Varicella Zoster Virus (Chickenpox), so statistics from this disorder will be included. Humans are the only known reservoir for Chickenpox. Chickenpox has an attack rate of 90% in susceptible individuals. The virus is endemic in the population but becomes epidemic among susceptible individuals during late winter and early spring. Children between the ages of 5-9 are most commonly affected and account for 50% of all cases. Most other cases involve children 1-4 and 10-14. Roughly 10% of the population in the United States over age 15 is susceptible to the virus. The incubation period of chickenpox is 10 to 21 days however is more likely 14 to 17 days. Patients are contagious 48 hours prior to the formation of vesicular rash and until all vesicles have crusted. Attack rates in susceptible siblings in the same household are 70-90%. About 1 million cases of shingles occur in the United States every year. More than half of the people who develop shingle s are over 60, and nearly 50% of complications from shingles are in older adults. Shingles occurs at all ages but is more likely to affect those in the sixth decade of life. Except for immunocompromised, and AIDS patients recurrent attacks are rare. The total duration of the disease is usually 7-10 days however it may be as long as 2-4 weeks until the skin is back to normal. Predisposing Risk Factors Anyone who has recovered from chickenpox may develop shingles, including children. It is not clear what reactivates the virus. Anyone who has had chickenpox has a 10-30% lifetime risk of developing shingles. At 85 years of age, this risk increases to 50%. This increased risk may be linked to a weakening of the immune system. As people get older, their bodies become more vulnerable to many diseases. Having certain diseases such as cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and, HIV/AIDS, can severely compromise the immune system. Also, treatments for cancer, such as chemotherapy; and other drugs such as steroids, and, medication taken to prevent rejection after an organ transplant can reduce immune function. In summary, having had chickenpox is the number one risk factor for contracting shingles. Among those that have had chickenpox advancing age is the number one risk factor. With immunosuppression being the only other risk factor for shingles. Pathophysiology Shingles is a viral disease. The initial infection with Varicella Zoster Virus causes the acute illness chickenpox, which usually occurs in young people and children. Once chickenpox has resolved, the body does not eliminate the virus. The virus lies dormant until the immune system is compromised. At which time it can cause shingles, an illness with different signs and symptoms, often years after the initial infection. The symptoms of shingles follow a series of three stages, prodromal or onset, active or erruptive, and chronic. However it is common for people not to experience all three stages. The onset phase is the most commonly experienced. During this phase, continuous or intermittent burning, tingling, itching, or various types of pain frequently precede rash by a few hours or days. While the onset phase and the presence of cutaneous nerve fibrils indicate that shingles infection is present in the sensory ganglia, a loss of sensation can also occur. The acute phase is considere d the active phase and follows the onset phase, which involves the development of the distinguishing skin lesions. Development of a rash in elderly patients may be accompanied by malaise, headache, low-grade fever, and nausea. Encephalopathy and severe pain may also go along with these symptoms. The active phase is initially characterized by erythematous papules and edema. Papules progress to vesicles in 12 to 24 hours and to pustules within one to seven days. The pustules eventually dry and fall off within 14-21 days, leaving behind erythematous lesions. The chronic phase is unlike any of the other phases and occurs mostly in the elderly. Many patients develop PHN, which is most likely to result during the chronic stage. PHN is Postherpetic Neuralgia is a chronic pain that persist after the shingles have resolved. Clinical manifestations The most common symptom of shingles is pain that can be severe and unrelenting. In the prodromal stage, which is usually 48-72 hours prior to the presence of a rash, symptoms will include: Numbness Tingling Burning Shooting pain Itching Fever Headache Chills Nausea Shingles usually begins with parasthesias, which are itching, burning, or tingling of skin on one side of the body. Patient may develop a fever, a feeling of being sick, or a headache. Within 1-2 days a rash appears on either side of the body in a band like pattern. The chest or back is typically affected by the shingles rash. The rash may also occur on the face, if it appears near the eye it can permanently affect vision .The pain of shingles can be mild to severe, and generally has a sharp, stabbing, or burning quality. Usually the pain is localized to the skin affected by the rash. It can be severe enough to affect ADLà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Older adults compared to younger people generally experience more pain. Within three to four days, shingles blisters can become open sores. These sores may become infected with bacteria. If the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s immune system is not compromised the sores crust over by day 7-10. The rash generally goes away within three to four weeks. Sca rring and skin color changes may be permanent. Most people recover from shingles without any lasting problems. Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN) is a complication of shingles. PHN is a condition in which damage to sensory nerves, causes severe neuropathic pain. This pain can be continuous or intermittent. The pain can occur without external stimuli. However it may also be caused by external stimuli, light touch, the brush of clothing, and even wind can cause extreme pain. The amount of pain from PHN greatly increases with age. PHN is defined as pain that last at least 3 months after all shingles lesions have went away.PHN is treated with: Analgesics Antidepressants Anticonvulsants Corticosteroids These medications may all be used concurrently. However they should be added to the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s regimen one at a time in case there is any adverse reaction, so that the med that caused the reaction can be promptly stopped. Diagnosis Shingles can be diagnosed in the prodromal stage, before lesions appear but this is difficult as the symptoms in this stage can mimic many other illnesses. Virology of skin scrapings once the lesions have appeared is usually the only way to achieve a proper diagnosis. This is done by isolating the Varicella Zoster Virus (Chickenpox) in tissue culture cell lines. The two tests used most are the fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen test (FAMA), immune adherence hemagglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These two tests are also the most sensitive. Also contact dermatitis is pruritic and shingles is painful. If lesions of herpes simplex are not differentiated from shingles, doses of antibiotics appropriate for shingles should be used. However herpes simplex and shingles are differentiated by the staining of antibodies from vesicular fluid and identified under fluorescent light. Usually the lesions of these two disorders occur in different places. If the CNS is i nvolved, LP results show increased pressure, and protein levels. Medical Management Shingles is usually treated with prescription oral antiviral drugs to significantly reduce the healing time of the infection. Anti inflammatory drugs are used to reduce inflammation, these may be prescription or OTC. Analgesic medication is also used to lower pain level; these may also be prescription or OTC. Antivirals used to treat shingles are: Acyclovir- is administered at a dose of 800mg five times a day for 7-10 days. Famciclovir- is administered at a dose of 500mg three times a day for seven days. Valacyclovir- is administered at a dose of 1g three times a day for 5-7 days. Immunocompromised patients should be treated with IV Acyclovir at a dose of 10-12.5mg/kg q8hrs for seven days. Glucocorticoids such as prednisone administered at a dose of 60mg/d for the first 7 days, 30mg/d for day 8-14 and, 15mg/d for days 15-21. Glucocorticoid treatment should not be used unless there is concomitant antiviral therapy. Analgesics usually used for shingles include: gabapentin, amitriptyline hydrochloride, lidocane patches, codeine, aspirin, acetaminophen, and, fluphenazine hydrochloride. Topical antipruritics such as calamine lotion can be used to reduce pruritis. Nursing Management Nursing diagnoses for shingles include: Acute Pain Disturbed body image Impaired skin integrity Impaired social interaction Risk for infection Outcomes for patients with shingles include: Patient will verbalize that an acceptable level has been achieved. Patient will acknowledge a change in body image. Patient will exhibit healed lesions. Patient will demonstrate effective social interaction skills. Patient will have no further signs of infection. The following nursing interventions should be applied to patients with shingles. Apply calamine lotion as liberally as directed by physician. Apply silver sulfadiazine to soften and debride lesions that are infected. Administer pain medication as prescribed. Patients with severe pain should be referred to a pain specialist. Maintain hygiene to prevent the infection from spreading to other parts of the body. If the patient has open lesions follow contact isolation to avoid spreading the infection to immunocompromised patients. Patient should be reassured that the pain will eventually subside. Also cool wet compresses can be applied to the lesions for 20 minutes several times a day. Domeboro and Betadine soaks may be utilized to reduce crusting. The patient should be encouraged to wear loose fitting clothing to reduce irritation caused from clothing rubbing the lesions. Research Trends New research regarding shingles has been in the area of prevention. Researchers have developed a preventive vaccine, Zostavax, marketed by Merck. Zostavax is a stronger version of the vaccine given to children to prevent chickenpox. The vaccine is 50% effective and is recommended for individuals over the age of 60. Even though an individual may still get shingles after vaccination, the vaccination reduces the risk of complications of shingles. The vaccine has not been utilized by many people because shingles is not a life threatening disease and there have not been many new vaccines for adults, so many people are not aware of this vaccination. Also the vaccine is not covered by insurance so many older adults that are on fixed incomes cannot afford it. Public education about shingles and the extremely painful complications associated with it are presumed to increase the use of this groundbreaking new vaccine. In conclusion shingles is a disease that can affect people that have had chickenpox at any age. However it affects mainly the elderly population. Shingles usually presents with pain, numbness, tingling, burning, shooting pain, itching, fever, headache, chills, and, nausea. Shingles is treated with antivirals, analgesics, and antiinflammatories. Usually a person can only have shingles but there have been rare occasions of people having it more than once. From a nursing stand point relieving pain and starting antiviral therapy are the highest priority interventions. Lastly with patient education about vaccines now available to prevent shingles. The incidence of people getting shingles, or having painful complications if they do get shingles is greatly reduced.

Green Architecture :: Sustainable Building Environment Essays

Green Architecture Green architecture is an approach to building which has become more popular in the last 25 to 30 years. Also known as sustainable design, green architecture is a method of design that minimizes the impact of building on the environment. Once thought of as unconventional and nonstandard, both regulatory agencies and the public alike are quickly accepting green architecture as a socially responsible and logical means of construction. The beginnings of today's green revolution can be traced back to the environmental awareness of the 1960s and European design. New construction techniques have lead to the development of innovative materials and design concepts. Green buildings are designed, constructed and commissioned to ensure they are healthy for their occupants. Successfully designed green projects can involve an extensive array of factors, ranging from the resourceful use of materials, to careful consideration of function, climate, and location. The concepts about green architecture can generally be organized into several areas of application. These areas include sustainability, materials, energy efficiency, land use, and waste reduction. Green buildings are not only designed for present use, but consideration is also been given to future uses as well. An adaptable structure can be "recycled" many times over the course of its useful life. If specific technical issues prevent use of the building for a new function, then the materials used in its construction are designed to facilitate ease of recycling and reprocessing of materials. Buildings consume a variety of materials in their construction. Green design reduces the dependence on resource intensive products and materials. Today, there are an increasing number of products available made from efficient, earth-friendly, or recycled materials. In a green building, consideration is also given to the construction process itself. Materials that minimize waste or can be recycled, help contribute to an efficient and environmentally sensitive construction process. Another important aspect of green architecture is the integration of energy efficient mechanical systems and conservation methods. Green buildings are designed to reduce or eliminate the dependence on fossil fuels. Additionally, green designs further help to minimize waste through the use of gray water recycling and other sustainable energy strategies. Grey water is conserved or saved to be recycled to water gardens. Land use and building orientation also plays a critical role in green architecture. A green building is located to take advantage of its climate and surroundings. These conditions not only affect the efficiency of a building, but of the community and society as a whole.

Violence and Politics :: Political Government Essays

Violence and Politics Let's talk about absolutely ridiculous pronouncements people make that either ignore simple fact or border on insanity. How about this one: Violence is no way to settle anything! Evidence suggests that violence is a very effective way of settling things. How about a few examples? In 1776, violence settled whether the thirteen colonies would be independent or remain under King George's thumb. In 1865, violence settled whether there'd be a Confederacy and a Union or just a Union. Between 1941 and 1945, violence settled whether Japan would control the Far East and whether Germany would control Europe. Violence settled whether American Indians owned and controlled the land now call United States or whether it would be European settlers and their progeny. In fact, violence has settled the question of land use-rights virtually everywhere. Violence and the threat of violence not only settles questions of land use; it settles other matters as well. For example, I have no problem with paying for the constitutionally mandated functions of the Federal Government - those enumerated in the U.S. Constitution. But I disagree with my earnings being given to dependent farmers, failing banks and poor people. Who has use-rights to my earnings is settled through threats, intimidation and violence. The U.S. Congress in essence tells me, "Williams, if you do not permit us to give your earnings to dependent farmers, banks, poor people, and any one else we deem worthy of your earnings, we will use violence to take your earnings and anything else you possess. Some readers might think that I am being overly hyperbolic. What do you think would be the outcome of the following scenario? I write on my IRS 1040 form: "I gladly accept my responsibility to pay my share of constitutionally mandated functions of the federal government. That share comes to about one-third of what you say I owe. I will not pay for activities not authorized by the Constitution." What happens. The IRS, the agents of the U.S. Congress, levies a fine and demands that I pay all they say I owe. I refuse. Then the IRS says, "We're going to confiscate your house." I say, "No you won't; that's my house." Then they send agents with automatic weapons to take my house. I stand and defend my house. The agents of the U.S. Congress kill me. The truth of the matter is that violence is such an effective and valuable means of settling differences that most governments demand to have a monopoly on its use.

Parental Involvement, Poverty, and Student Achievement Essay

Current education reform is intended to influence higher student achievement. According to Hanushek (1997), the development of school reform is largely motivated by economic issues. Education reform becomes a meaningful topic on the national agenda when the National Commission on Excellence in Education issued a report, A Nation At Risk (1983). This report focused on the claim that a steady increase in mediocrity had overcome schools which impacted upon the economic competitiveness of the country. One example of this competitiveness was when the Soviet Union 1957 launched Sputnik. It was concluded that declines in educational performance were in large part the result of inadequacies in the way the educational process was conducted. The findings that follow, selected from a much more extensive list, reflect four important aspects of the educational process: content, expectations, time, and teaching. The United States government responded by beginning reform of how its educational system. As part of this process, all segments, including parent committees, were formed to give attention to the implementation of the recommendations of the report. The report further stated that reform should not only come from students, teachers, school boards, colleges and universities, local, state, and federal officials, teachers’ and administrators’ organizations, but also from parents themselves with interested in and responsibility for educational significance begin with the parent. Moreover, you bear a responsibility to participate actively in your child’s education. You should encourage more diligent study and discourage satisfaction with mediocrity and the attitude that says let it slide, monitor your child’s study; encourage good study habits; encourage your child to take more demanding rather than less demanding courses; nurture your child’s curiosity, creativity, and confidence; and be an active participant in the work of the schools. Above all, exhibit a commitment to continued learning in your own life. Finally, help your children understand that excellence in education cannot be achieved without intellectual and moral integrity coupled with hard work and commitment (p. 26) Henderson and Berla (1994) did extensive research linking parental involvement to student achievement. There are a variety of parenting practices that have been associated with positive student outcomes. Despite this research, Desimone (2001) contends that there is still no clear understanding of how patterns and effects of parental involvement differ across ethnic and income groups. Previous studies have shown that parent involvement patterns vary according to parental social, racial-ethnic, and economic characteristics (Catsambis & Garland, 1997), but the findings have been mixed. Several studies have reported that low income minority parents often have different beliefs about parents’ role in school involvement are less involved in school activities than higher income, non-minority parents (Delgado-Gaitan, 1991; Chavkin & Williams, 1993). Other studies, however, have demonstrated that the level of parent involvement by race-ethnicity (i. e. , Asian, African-American, Hispanic, and white) differs for only a few types of involvement and that minority parents have higher levels of involvement in certain areas than do white parents (Catsambis & Garland, 1997). Previous studies have reported that low-income minority parents often have different beliefs regarding parental roles in school involvement and are less involved (Chavkin & Williams, 1993). Comer and Haynes (1991) have hypothesized that low income and inner city minority students may be more positively affected by certain types of parent involvement than other students. According to them, in order for parental involvement programs to be successful, they need to be focused upon a school improvement process that is designed to create positive relationships that support the total development of children and not the traditional bureaucratic or authoritative school environment which is a less collaborative structure. Other theorists (Devaney, Ellwood, and Love, 1997; Lewit, Terman, & Behrman, 1997) suggests that parental involvement may not be as effective in improving student achievement for low income children as for children from middle class homes. Because the large number of risk factors that impact upon children living in poverty, including health, safety, and housing, the role of parental involvement in schools in explaining academic outcomes for those children may be significantly less than for their peers who do not experience as many negative environment influences. Desimone (2001) suggests that race-ethnicity and other background characteristics can be strong mediators in the effects of various types of parental actions and the impact they have on student achievement. While work in this area is limited, there is little information that compares the effects of multiple forms of parental involvement across several racial/ethnic and income groups. McNeal’s (2001) study investigated the relationships between parent involvement and socioeconomic status. Findings indicated that parental involvement was an important factor in explaining behavioral outcomes (such as truancy and dropping out) but not cognitive outcomes (such as science achievement), with the greatest support for parent child discussion and involvement in parent-teacher organizations. He contends that there have been inconsistencies with the findings linking parental involvement to academic achievement. The contradictions likely were related to one of the following weaknesses in research. The first condition was the use of perception measures by teachers rather than direct reports by students and/or parents. Another was a failure to fully conceptualize parent involvement into its constituent parts. The last was not fully assessing the extent to which parental involvement differently affects academic achievement by social class. The three shortcomings can be improved upon but parent involvement has little effect on student achievement because it is a cognitive outcome and parental involvement affects behavioral outcomes. Reginald Clark’s research shares findings from a body of research on closing achievement gaps in urban school communities (Ferguson, Clark, & Stewart, 2002). In Clark documents the importance of five influential factors for improved students achievement, especially among disadvantages urban students. The first factor is described as the teacher’s expectations and actions in the classroom. The second is amount of students’ weekly participation in high-yield in and out of school activities. High-yield out of school activities include: leisure reading, writing, studying, and participation in community and school clubs or programs, and playing organized sports. High-yield in school activities include participating in classroom lessons as well as structured leisure activities. The third factor is the quality of students’ participation in and out of school activities. The fourth factor is parental beliefs and expectations. The fifth factor is parent-teacher communication. Ferguson, Clark and Stewart, 2002 found that the type and amounts of constructive in school and out of school learning activities contribute to a success-oriented lifestyle. More specifically, Clark found that high achieving activities. Some examples of actions in the classroom include reading, working alone on a lesson, listening to a lecture, solving a problem with classmates, or asking questions. Ferguson, Clark and Stewart, 2002 found that high achievers spent more time during out of school high-yield learning activities than low achievers. Some activities include: weekly time dialoguing with adults, hobby or volunteer activities, or organized sports. Regular study and homework routines, with adult monitoring or support, and reading and writing activities also were seen as practices in the home. Some less structured or unstructured activities include hanging out, playing video games, talking on the telephone, and watching television. Ferguson, Clark and Stewart 2002 found that the beliefs and attitudes of parents had a significant role in student success in becoming competent readers. The analysis of data from parents of 459 students about their expectations for their child’s learning and their perception of whether they had been supported by their child’s teacher showed that students benefit when parents set high standards for their child’s performance in school and feel personally supported by partnerships they have formed with their child’s teacher. Lastly, Clark indicates that parent beliefs are likely to be influenced by parent-teacher communication. In other words, parents may benefits from well-organized teacher-led communications. When teachers take specific actions to cultivate instructional partnerships with parents, those parents are more likely to support their children’s learning at home. Clark’s data showed that students’ scores were higher on the Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment in reading when teachers reported more communication with parents. REFERENCES Bankston, C. L. , & Caldas, S. J. (1998). Family structure, schoolmates, and racial inequalities in school achievement. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 715-723. Braswell. J. S. , Lutkus,A. D. , Grigg,W. S. , Santapau, S. L. , Tay-Lim, B. , & Johnson, M. (2001). Subgroup results for the nation and the states. In The nation’s report card: Mathematics 2000 (pp. 53-181). Washington DC: U. S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, National Center for Education Statistics.

Extent and Causes of Unemployment and Inactivity in the UK Today Essay

An economy population can be divided into two groups, the economically active and those economically inactive. The Economically Active is referred to the part of a countries’ population that is willing and able to work. This includes those that are unemployed and those that are currently and actively engaged in a particular job. The rate of unemployment is defined as the percentage of the unemployed that are unemployed and actively seeking for one. In this essay, I am going to discuss the extent of unemployment in the UK today. I am going to critically address the extent of unemployment by comparing geographical regions, sex, race, age groups and educational achievement. Then in order to conclude the extent of unemployment, I will argue about the true level of unemployment questioning both the weaknesses LSF and Claimant Count in measuring these challenges. The second section of this essay, I will state the 3 causes of unemployment in the UK and 3 reasons for inactivity. Then I shall evaluate the credible of the Coalition’s The Work Programme. Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for work but unable to find one. In the UK today the current rate of unemployment is 8. 3% according to the Office of National Statistics (ONS). It shows that there is a 17years high unemployment in the UK. The ‘UK unemployment rose by 129,000 in the three months to September to 2. 62 million’ also ‘youth unemployment is now at 1. 02 million’. There are four main types of unemployment. There are two different measure of unemployment in the UK today. They are the Claimant Count and International Labour Organisation (ILO) LFS survey. The Claimant count is UK’s most timely measure. It measures the amount of people who are claiming benefit but are actively seeking employment. It does not take into consideration of those on disability benefit neither does it take account of people who do not claim the allowance. ILO makes use of the Labour Force Survey (LFS) to measures everyone without a job and has looked for work in the past four weeks and willing to start work in the next two weeks. ‘Unemployed persons include those who did not work at all during the survey week, and who were looking for work’. The faults in these two measures bring up the question of the extent and the true level of unemployment in the UK today. The Job Seekers Allowance (JSA) is means-tested and it depends on household income, this means husband or wife who have partner earning above a certain income are not included. It also does include people under the age of 18, therefore excluding 16 and 17 years olds who left education at post-16, this part of the economy should not be ignored by the JSA because these groups of individuals usually have low-levels of human capital there for potentially high unemployment rate amongst these groups. High youth unemployment shows underlying structural problems in the UK today. Therefore the JSA does not represent the true level of unemployment because there are people seeking work and are not included in JSA or/and counted as unemployed. The official measure also has its own faults. The LFS survey is a monthly questionnaire of 60,000 people. They are asked if they have been searching for work and would be able to take up work in the next two weeks. This measure usually gives a higher figure than the claimant count. Although the questions asked sticks to the UK’s definition of unemployment there are also problems with the measure. The survey has potential for error in sampling data in sampling 60,000 people and even most importantly people might not actually say the truth about their situation. Apart from the faults in the measures of unemployment, another issue is that there is a possibility that those classed as unemployed might actual be working. There will be a population of the economic inactive that receives unemployment benefit but still work in the black economy. According to the ONS, an individual is defined as Economical Inactive when they are ‘not in work and do not meet the internationally agreed definition of unemployment’. They are people without jobs who have not actively sought work in the last four weeks and/or are not available to start work in the next two weeks†. Inactivity in the UK accounts for 21. 3% of the working age-adults. The economically inactive include students, the sick and disabled retirees, homemakers and people who have not searched for jobs in the last 4 weeks – the main issue in the UK are these groups who are voluntary unemployment. ONS There are different viewpoints that will be addressed in evaluating the extent of unemployment amongst gender, geographical regions, race, age and educational attainment. ONS statistics show that the extent of unemployment amongst region varies in the UK. Over the period of July to September, this year, the highest unemployment rate was North East with 11. 6% of the population unemployed. It is followed by Yorkshire and Humber with 10. 6% of their economically active population. Over the same time period the south-east had the least rate of 6. 3 per cent. In the case of gender, In April 2011 female unemployment went up by 64,000, while male unemployment went down by 69,000’. Despite this statistics, the unemployment rate for men has risen faster than that of women while the economic upturns of males have dropped faster than that of females. Unemployment amongst Pakistani/Bangladeshi groups is the highest amongst people of different races with unemployment rate. The lowest are the whites British. Unemployment amongst people in further education is that they are more likely to be unemployment than university graduates over non-graduates. There has been a recent media attention to unemployment amongst 16-24 year old which has recently hit a record high with 20. 6% of that population without jobs. Another age group that is highly affect are the over 50’s, according to AgeUK, this age group is currently suffering from a 10 year high which most likely will be those in in long term unemployment. I feel the government must lay down a good foundation for a better job market for older people before forcing them to work longer. One of the Coalition government strategies to tackle this is The Work Programme which I am going to evaluate its effectiveness and credibility later in this essay. There are many causes of unemployment for example, recession, lack of skills, and lack of information, over-regulating, decline in industries, willingness to work and discriminating factors. Cause of Inactivity on the other hand is disability and leniency of the welfare system toward the voluntary capable economically inactive. Recession is a downturn in the economy of a country. It’s a drastic fall in countries GDP. One of the causes of unemployment In the UK today is the recent recession according to the BBC; the recent recession had a deep impact on jobs. According to the CIPD, the recession caused a loss of 1. 3 million jobs. The reason why unemployment rises is because during a recession, output and demand falls, firms cost optimise by cutting down on unnecessary expenditure or they resource optimise by reduce unnecessary workforce. The effect of resource optimisation leads to a rise in unemployment as there are less job positions in the economy. When unemployment increases, this can worsen the recession since there will be lower aggregate demand and lower growth rates in the economy. Although one can argue that the UK economy has survived the recession we are still being affected by loss of jobs that the 2008 recession caused. Generally, I think the economic decline is one of the main causes of unemployment today. Another cause of unemployment is the lack of demand for workers. The demand for worker is derived from the demand for goods and services therefore the bigger issue might be people not spending. This is a big issue because of the lack of jobs that people want. The government is trying to get the inactive active and the unemployed employed but the question is that are there any jobs for these people after they have been trained? One could argue that it is because businesses are not creating jobs there they are very few jobs that people might want to do in the economy. The leniency of the benefit system in the UK is the main cause of inactivity. People know that with jobs they can depend on the welfare state. The government aim to get people out of poverty can also affect the economy because of the unemployment trap. This is a situation whereby unemployment benefit acts as a deterrent or causes lack of motivation for an unemployed or an inactive individual in the labour to take up jobs or advantage his skills or perhaps in the case of an inactive individual gain necessary skills to enter the job market. Another cause of inactivity is disability in the UK. People claiming disability and sick benefit, these groups of people are also class. Another cause of inactivity is people retiring (65% men and 62% women). Apart from this, men are more likely than females to be classed as sick or disabled but women are more likely than men to be looking after the home and family. Statistics show that 26% of UK economically inactive people would like to work. Another main cause is the lack of education and training, especially currently in the UK, the government scrapping schemes like Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA), this will act as a disincentive for people wanting to entering education. With issues such as this, young people will be affected because the lack of post-16 education will mean they are more likely to end up in a dead-end job. There are special skills needed for certain type of jobs. To become a doctor, one has to go through years of education to be full qualified. The years of education and training are their specialist skills are gained. Statistics show that the opt-in rates of people entering into higher education will reduce because of the lack of EMA which might affect these people that refuse to participate in education in the future. ‘The Work Programme is a major new payment-for-results welfare-to-work programme†¦ Along with the Universal Credit benefit reforms, it is central to the Coalition Government’s ambitious programme of welfare reform. The simple aim of the programme is to cut down the United Kingdom long-term unemployment. The strategy the coalitional government is to pay private firms to make the process easier. The government believes it will be cheaper in the long run to pay these private firms rather than pay for benefits. According to the programme, an estimated 605, 000 people will go through the programme. In 2011/2012 in the year 2012/13 it aims at 565,000. Providers include companies like Working Links, Triage A4E, Serco and many more. The government has awarded a least two providers in every region. These private firms the government outsources the job is referred to as providers. Providers are paid totally on results. The idea is to create for the workers a sustainable job outcome for those participating. The longer an individual stays in work the more the providers get paid, therefore creating an incentive for these firms to provide continuous support for participant. One could argue that the scheme helps tackle the challenges of unemployment because there are special skills needed for certain type of jobs. The problem with The Work Programme is that it could be used to generate cheap labour for dead-end jobs. Because it will be based on payment by results, the providers will do their best to make sure they are correct and therefore get their fee. Another problem with the scheme is that it doesn’t have much difference from other schemes. I think it will strengthen the competition for ‘job ready’ participant and these are people who are likely to have got the jobs anyways. The difference is that the provider will be able to claim a larger fee compared to previous schemes. There are few other problems with this reform, this reform is largely untested and it is not big enough of a scale to make a serious dent in the problem. The worry is that providers will end up picking individuals who are more likely to get jobs and therefore ignore the unemployment ‘black spots’. Another issue with it is that there is an assumption that unemployed are bunch of people that ready to work. The vast majority of unemployed are involuntary, many have the wrong skills and in the wrong geographical location. Also some of these people are ill health to be at work. According to the study done by the London School of Economics it showed that the providers will miss the set targets by 90%. I think the introduction of ruthless competition could also lead to companies going after the same jobs and therefore not benefitting people that it was for in the first place. It could end up being a revenue or sales maximisation aims rather than actual target people like the long term unemployed who are further down the unemployment scale. For The Work Programme to really succeed, I think these organisations need to make sure they take on people that have been in long term unemployment: people that have grown comfortable with life on benefits. The government also needs to start creating jobs. One can question the fact the scheme will succeed when there isn’t actual jobs for these people in the first place or at least job that they want to do. With the average of six to every vacancy the government has got a lot to do. According to a new research by the Social Market Foundation (SMF), the paper is called, Will the Work Programme work? This paper scrutinises the viability of the Work Programme by predicting the performance of the firms providing the programme during its first three years of it being active. This forecast will be based on the welfare-to-work scheme called the Flexible New Deal. This is the predecessor to the Work Programme. According SMF analysis, it suggests that the providers will not meet their set minimum expectations in the first 2 years of the programme and even in the third year 22 out of the 24 FND providers would fail to meet the requirements for the scheme. The department has threatened to lapse the contract of providers who don’t meet the benchmark set. This further threatened the credibility of the scheme. According to the Chris Grayling, the Employment Minister states that dismiss this research as â€Å"flawed†. He claimed that it is possible to compare DWP to FND. His argument is centred around the fact that FND involves different groups of Jobseekers to DWP and therefore one should not compare both schemes. One can argue that the Flexible New Deal is more effective because its analysis is carefully based on comparable groups of long term unemployment which is the target group helped by the DWP. Although these groups of job seeker are easily comparable, the different between the schemes remain. Even on the optimistic assumption, it concludes these DWP performances are not realistic for most providers. The Work and Pension committee of the House of Commons recently demand clarity over the Work programme have come up with these challenging target and many of the providers have expressed their doubts the unrealistic targets of the scheme. Also in the recent economic climate, claimant count has increased by a significant value since the bid of the Work Programme were invited and I think don’t think the future is precarious or do not agree on its being a credible solution. I also think to find a credible solution to tackling unemployment. DWP has to revise its minimum performance expectations and perhaps introduce a more credible incentive for its providers. It could also establish greater transparency about how to derive its estimates of minimum performance and also make clear how this might vary if economic condition deteriorates this will therefore create greater accountability and certainty. When this is done, I think The Work Programme will then be a credible solution to tackling unemployment.